A phosphorus/tin composite carbon fiber skeleton is designed to tackle the challenge of lithium dendrite growth. Sn serves as the nucleation site to reduce the nucleation barrier of Li⁺, while the P doped on the carbon fibers could promote the rapid transportation of Li⁺. Thus, the CFs@Sn-P enables the uniform deposition of lithium in the skeleton and inhibits the Li dendrite growth. The electrochemical performances demonstrated that the CFs@Sn-P could effectively elevate the Coulombic efficiency and mass transfer kinetics of Li⁺, and exhibit excellent cycle stability and rate performance. At the rate of 1 C and N/P ratio of 2.5, Li-CFs@Sn-P||NCM811 cells can stably cycle 250 times, and the average capacity decay rate is only 0.14%. Hence, a composite skeleton's design could guide the design and application of high-performance lithium metal anode.

To improve the efficiency of thermal energy storage and utilization, this study investigates the enhancement characteristics of efficient contact melting on the thermal performance of finned latent heat storage units. A fully coupled contact melting heat transfer model that considers solid conduction, natural convection, and solid phase change material motion is established based on a modified equivalent heat capacity method. It explores the evolution of the melting front morphology, convective heat transfer characteristics, and dynamic temperature performance of traditional constrained melting and contact melting processes in finned latent heat storage units. Additionally, an in-depth analysis is conducted on the influencing mechanisms of the heat transfer fluid's inlet temperature and volume flow rate on high-efficiency contact melting. The research findings indicate that both constrained melting and contact melting are initially dominated by heat conduction, while in the later stages of melting, natural convection and mixed convection heat transfer modes are induced in constrained melting and contact melting processes, respectively. Compared to constrained melting, the melting rate and heat transfer uniformity of contact melting are improved, with the complete melting time in the finned latent heat storage unit reduced by 36.7%. An increase in the inlet temperature enhances the performance of contact melting, but the degree of enhancement gradually diminishes. As the volume flow rate increases, the heat transfer performance of contact melting improves, but the extent of change is smaller than the effect of the inlet temperature. Furthermore, there is a critical volume flow rate beyond which the thermal performance of contact melting remains nearly unchanged.

The acoustic characteristics of hydrate-bearing sediments are influenced by factors such as hydrate saturation and micro-distribution modes, skeleton particle arrangement and shape, etc. Currently, there is a lack of research on the influence mechanisms of skeleton particle arrangement and particle shape. Finite-element numerical models of hydrate-bearing sediments were established based on the coupling modeling method of electrical-mechanical-acoustic multi-physics fields under conditions of different particle arrangement modes and particle shapes. The influences of skeleton particle arrangement modes and shapes on sediments' sound velocity and attenuation characteristics under different hydrate micro-distribution modes and saturation conditions were explored, and the mechanisms were discussed. It was demonstrated that: (1) when the hydrate saturation is low, the volumetric proportion of quartz sand particles in the diamond-arrangement model is higher than that in the cubic-arrangement model, thus the sound velocity of the diamond-arrangement model is higher; as the hydrate saturation increases, the difference in the volumetric proportion of hydrates between the two models increases and the volumetric proportion of hydrates in the cubic-arrangement model is higher, consequently the sound velocity growth rate in the diamond-arrangement model is lower; (2) the porosity of the diamond-arrangement model is smaller than that of the cubic-arrangement model, and the energy attenuation during the propagation of sound waves is lower; (3) compared with the spherical-particle model, the elliptical-particle model contains more pores with smaller aspect ratios, resulting in a smaller bulk modulus and lower sound velocity; (4) the ellipsoidal-particle model contains more and smaller pores, which results in lower wave-energy loss than that of the spherical particle model. This study provides theoretical support for the data interpretation of seismic exploration and sonic logging for natural gas hydrate reservoirs.

Supercapacitors have received widespread attention for their high-power density, excellent multiplier performance, and good cycling stability among many energy storage elements. The main research direction nowadays is the use of low-cost, green and clean biomass with high carbon content as the raw material for electrodes. This paper reviews the adaptability of biochar preparation methods including pyrolysis, hydrothermal, and gasification to be used as raw materials for electrodes; analyzes the effects of properties such as specific surface area, pore structure, functional groups, conductivity, and vibrational density of biochar on the performance of supercapacitors; discusses the effects of modification methods such as physical activation, chemical activation, heteroatom doping, composite of conductive polymers and biochar, and composite of metal oxides and biochar on the supercapacitor performance enhancement; and compared the performance of common biomass types such as woody, marine, herbaceous, and fruit biomass in supercapacitor applications. Based on the above analysis, it is recommended that the development direction of biomass as supercapacitor electrode materials is to use pyrolysis as the common way of making charcoal, with a high specific surface area and suitable mesoporous-microporous ratio as the main objectives of structural modification, and to increase the specific capacitance by doping with heteroatoms or conductive polymers, etc. Among the many biomasses, the woody biomass has become the main target of the study due to its well-developed pore space, low ash content, high cellulose content, and other advantages. It can prepare biochar with a multistage porous structure and ultra-high carbon content and produce high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials.

Ultra-high temperature steam heat pump is a highly promising industrial high-temperature heating and decarbonization technology. The working fluids used in steam heat pumps are becoming increasingly environmentally friendly. Natural working fluids such as water and hydrofluoroalkenes have become the research focus. R1336mzz-Z, R1234ze-Z, and R1233zd-E have the most promising commercial promotion prospects. Cascade compression, two-stage compression, and steam recompression are the main cycle forms that ensure the high-temperature output of steam heat pumps. Centrifugal compressors and screw compressors are the most widely used and promising types of compressors in steam heat pumps. The technology of adding vapor or water in the middle of the compressor has become an effective measure to reduce the compressor's discharge temperature and enhance its high-temperature stability. The test results of steam heat pump units show that the heating coefficient of performance (COP) of steam heat pump units decreases with the increase of temperature lift and output temperature. Currently, for most steam heat pumps, the steam production temperature is below 200 °C, the temperature rises below 60 °C, and the heating COP is between 2.5 and 3.2. With the increasing demand for carbon reduction technology in industrial enterprises, steam heat pumps have entered a period of rapid development opportunities in China. 120 °C steam heat pumps have become the mainstream of the industry. The future development goal of steam heat pump manufacturers is to produce higher-temperature steam.

Lithium-ion batteries have the risk of thermal runaway under abusive conditions, which can easily lead to fire and even explosion accidents. Preventing thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries is important for their safe application. This study selected the 147 A∙h square ternary lithium-ion batteries as the experimental object, and utilized various types of thermal insulation materials, such as phase change thermal insulation materials, glass fiber aerogel, and basalt fiber aerogel to inhibit the thermal runaway propagation of battery packs. This paper explored the influence of different types and thicknesses of heat mitigation materials on the behavior of thermal runaway propagation. Additionally, a commercial thermal runaway warning sensor was used for monitoring and early warning. The results indicated that the 2.5 mm phase change thermal insulation materials and glass fiber aerogel plate could not block the thermal runaway propagation. However, the thermal runaway propagation process can be suppressed using the basalt fiber aerogel plates with 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 mm thicknesses. The maximum temperature of the downstream battery rear surface is 134.0, 185.9, and 102.5 ℃, respectively. When using a 3.0 mm basalt fiber aerogel plate, the heat runaway early warning sensor successfully realizes early warning, and the downstream battery still has the ability to discharge normally. This study provides a design basis and theoretical guidance for the safe design of lithium-ion battery packs and the development of thermal runaway propagation barrier technology.

Wind energy plays a crucial role in the renewable energy system. However, as the number of discarded wind turbine blades increases annually, recycle ing and utilizing these blades has become an urgent necessity. The pyrolysis-oxidation treatment of wind turbine blades has the advantages of reducing volume and recycling reinforced fiber from the blades. While research on recovering carbon fiber when used as reinforced fiber is available, few research pays attention to recycling glass fiber. To improve the mechanic strength of the recovered glass fiber and reduce energy consumption in this process, in this paper, key parameters in the pyrolysis-oxidation process, including the decarburization temperature, holding time, and heating rate, are optimized based on the response surface method with the fracture load of the recycled glass fiber as the response value to achieve the best mechanical properties of the recycled fiber, and the interaction between the three key parameters was also explored. The results show that the decarburization temperature plays most significant role in the fracture load, and the holding time and heating rate also play the important roles in the fracture load. The optimized process parameters are a decarburization temperature of 452.45 °C, a reaction time of 43.20 min, and a heating rate of 11.12 °C/min. The experimental results proved that those values are most suitable; the fracture load of the recycled fiber obtained after optimization achieved 51.2% of the new material, and the optimized process is more energy effective.

Wave energy is a green and clean energy source, abundant wave energy resources are found around the island. In recent years, with wave energy utilization technology development, many new types of technology have appeared, and some technologies are becoming mature. Applying of wave energy technology has gradually become a hot spot in the industry. Taking wave energy generation technology as the starting point, the new wave energy generation technology emerging recently is summarized, and the application of wave energy generation technology on islands in China is summarized. Based on the above analysis, the future development direction of wave energy technology in China is prospected from system theory, technology maturity, and technology application.

Thermal management technology is one of the key technologies to ensure the safety, comfort and economy of electric vehicles. Firstly, this paper summarizes several mainstream thermal management systems of electric vehicles and analyzes the characteristics of each system. Secondly, these systems are categorized into three schemes based on integration levels, with the design concepts, advantages, and drawbacks of each integration scheme outlined. Finally, the future development direction is prospected, it is pointed out that the platform of modules, intelligent control and integration of energy management are the trends of thermal management technology. The study also emphasizes the need for formulating corresponding countermeasures for systems using environmentally friendly refrigerants.

Micro light-emitting diode (Micro LED) display is a novel display technology composed of micro-level semiconductor light-emitting pixel arrays, a comprehensive technology that integrates display and LED technology. Compared with liquid crystal displays and organic light-emitting diode displays, Micro LED has the advantages of high contrast, low power consumption, long life, and fast response time. However, due to the low absorption cross-section caused by the shrinking LED chip size to less than 20 μm, traditional phosphor color conversion cannot provide sufficient brightness and does not support high-resolution displays. Quantum dot materials are expected to be the best materials to replace phosphors due to their high quantum yield, wide color gamut, and adjustable colors. Micro LED optoelectronic devices combined with quantum dot color conversion technology have the advantages of high brightness, high efficiency, and wide color gamut, and they have broad application prospects in the display field. Researchers in academia and industry have conducted in-depth research on Micro LED with full-color display and gradually realized the commercialization of Micro LED. This paper briefly reviews significant research findings on the synthesis and excellent properties of quantum dot materials widely used in the display field. Furthermore, it summarizes the full-color display strategies as well as the performance advantages and disadvantages of Micro LED based on quantum dot color conversion technology by classifying four outstanding color conversion layer deposition processes—printing technology, lithography technology, microfluidic technology, and laser writing technology. Finally, the application prospects of Micro LED optoelectronic devices based on quantum dot color conversion layers are discussed.

With the escalating global carbon dioxide emissions, the incessant rise in greenhouse gas concentrations has profoundly impacted human beings and the earth's ecosystems. Hydrogen energy, renowned for its abundant reserves, high energy efficiency, and zero carbon emissions, is a pivotal means to achieve carbon peaking and neutrality goals, instigating a profound energy revolution. This research paper aims to provide an overview of the key aspects of the hydrogen energy industry, encompassing hydrogen production, storage and transportation, refueling, and utilization, specifically emphasizing the application of artificial intelligence (AI). Furthermore, this paper delves into the future trends and prospects of fusion development between hydrogen energy and AI technologies.

With the yearly increase in installed wind power, the disposal of retired wind turbine blades has become an urgent issue. In this study, a continuous microwave pyrolysis-oxidation system with a processing capacity of 30 kg/h was developed. The recovery efficiency of carbon fibers from carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) with a carbon fiber content of 65% was investigated under different microwave powers and oxidation temperatures. Thermal gravimetric (TG) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to compare the thermal decomposition behavior and surface morphology of fresh carbon fibers, pyrolysis products, and oxidation products, respectively. The results show that pyrolysis of CFRP with 18 kW microwave power for 90 mins followed by oxidation at 550 °C for 150 mins results in a carbon fiber recovery efficiency of 63.83%. TG results indicate that in the N₂ atmosphere the epoxy resin component of the CFRP undergoes thermal decomposition between 300 ℃ and 450 °C, with peaks at 366.8, 435.0, 561.6 and 870.3 ℃ in oxidation atmosphere. Fresh carbon fibers' initial decomposition and oxidation temperatures are 650 ℃ and 600 ℃, respectively. SEM results demonstrate that the surface morphology of carbon fibers recovered from pyrolysis with 18 kW microwave power followed by oxidation at 550 ℃ was basically the same as that of fresh carbon fibers. It shows that the device can remove the resin in the carbon fiber composite plate and recover high-quality carbon fiber under the operating conditions. This research provides valuable insights into the recycling utilization of retired carbon fiber wind turbine blades.

The permeation behavior of hydrogen and helium in the liner of a type IV high-pressure hydrogen storage vessel, specifically nylon 6 (PA6), was studied. The effects of temperature on the permeation behavior and the differences between the two gases were analyzed. Within the test temperature range of 15-55 °C, the permeation coefficient of hydrogen was higher than that of helium, and both increased with temperature. However, comparing the activation energy for permeation, it was found that helium had a stronger dependence on temperature increase. By comparing the permeation coefficients of the two gases under the same test conditions, the range of conversion coefficients for the two gases was obtained, providing data support for the replacement of hydrogen by helium.

The Gobi desert wind farm cluster is characterized by large diurnal temperature differences, susceptibility to atmospheric stability, and a lack of representative wind measurement data. It is urgent to assess the wind resource characteristics of the Gobi desert wind farm. This study focused on the wind farm in Inner Mongolia's Alxa League, which was under construction then. Weather research and forecasting models were utilized for numerical simulation. Wind measurement data was employed to validate the model's accuracy, emphasizing the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of atmospheric stability and its impact on wind speed. The research indicates that wind speed and wind power density in the region are higher from November to May of the following year, particularly affected by the northwest monsoon, with a sharp decrease in wind power accompanying the passage of cold waves. The proportion of neutral atmospheric conditions peaks in winter, and wind speeds are optimal under neutral conditions. Compared to flat terrain, mountainous regions exhibit a significant decrease in the proportion of strongly stable and strongly unstable atmospheric states, with a corresponding increase in the proportion of neutral atmospheric stability. Specifically, the proportion of neutral atmospheric conditions in mountainous regions during winter can reach 48.4%, providing theoretical and technical support for the micro-site selection of the Gobi desert wind farm cluster.

In order to reduce the economic cost and carbon emissions of the solar composite heating system for residents in northwest China, and improve the utilization rate of solar energy, a composite heating system of double tanks solar-energy heat pump was designed and its important parameters were optimized. Based on the Dymola platform, a complete dual tanks solar-energy heat pump composite heating system model was established. The objective function was the entire life cycle of the system, and the solar collector area, collector installation angle, water tank capacity and heat pump power were selected as the optimization variables, and the genetic algorithm was used to synchronously optimize the selected variables of the system. Besides, the environmental friendliness of the system was analyzed. In this paper, the optimization calculation was carried out in the Ningxia region. The research results indicated that the mathematical model created was highly accurate, and the average error between the two was about ±8% compared to simulation data and experimental data. During the 15-year life cycle of the system, the life cycle cost of the system decreased by 5.3%, the coefficient of performance of the optimized system increased by 10.3%, the average temperature of the water tank raised to 54.71 ^oC, the energy saving rate was 24.4%, which was significant. The emission reduction of SO₂, CO₂, NO_x, and soot of the system were 0.82, 26.6, 0.41 and 7.48 t respectively, with significant emission reduction effect compared with the traditional coal-fired boiler.

Improving wind speed prediction accuracy is important for timely adjustments in power system scheduling plans and enhancing competitiveness in the wind energy market. This paper presents an ultra-short-term wind speed forecasting method based on an ensemble of convolutional neural network (CNN), long short-term memory network (LSTM), and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA). Firstly, CNN convolutional layers capture patterns and local features in time series data. Subsequently, it utilizes LSTM models to learn and train on the extracted features. Based on the CNN-LSTM composite architecture model, it predicts future wind speeds and compares them with actual data to obtain residuals. Finally, it employs ARIMA to analyze historical residuals to correct future prediction errors, achieving ultra-short-term wind speed forecasting. Using measured wind speed data from a wind farm in Turkey as an example, it predicts wind speeds for the next 10 minutes. The results indicate that compared to traditional neural network models like CNN-LSTM and LSTM-LSTM, the CNN-LSTM-ARIMA model has reduced the mean absolute error in wind speed forecasting by 16.40% and 26.92%, respectively, significantly enhancing the prediction accuracy.

The active power compensation device has addressed the issue of output power pulsation in the hydraulic autonomous control mode of wave energy converters during the startup or shutdown of the generator set. However, a problem arises with the overcharging or over-discharging of its energy storage system. In order to reduce battery capacity while maintaining the battery's high-power charging and discharging capabilities at any time, a method for configuring a small-capacity energy storage system and a management strategy for dividing interval energy trends are proposed. Based on the characteristics of the hydraulic power generation system and the working principle of the active power compensation device, the energy storage system is configured with the minimum capacity as the target, taking the smoothing of the maximum pulsating power of the unit as a benchmark. The charging status and voltage of the energy storage system are divided into intervals, and the trend power is determined to automatically adjust the state of charge of the energy storage system towards the trend. This ensures that the system can always absorb and compensate, avoiding overcharging or over-discharging. A simulation model for smoothing the grid power fluctuation of the hydraulic power generation unit was established, and simulation results indicate that the energy trend management strategy can maintain the energy storage system in a reasonable operating range for an extended period, validating the rationality of the interval energy trend management strategy.

A three-dimensional (3D) tomographic reconstruction algorithm based on multi-angle optical projection signal acquisition images of flame was established, which can be used to measure the 3D structure of irregular flames. A rotatable co-flow jet burner was designed to generate the stable irregular-profile non-premixed ethylene soot flame, and an intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera was used to sequentially capture the full band, 550 nm, and 650 nm narrow band 2D projected images of the natural luminescence signals of stable flame with 28 different angles. Combined with the developed 3D reconstruction program and the modified two-color method, the 3D temperature measurement of stable soot flame was achieved. The results show that the reconstruction method can reproduce the 3D spatial flame profile and temperature field distribution characteristics. The measured temperature value agreed well with the temperature range of laminar non-premixed ethylene soot flame. Moreover, to achieve a better reconstruction result, the number of projected images from different angles should not be less than 15 by this method.

The optimization of wind turbine structure is of paramount importance for enhancing energy conversion efficiency. To explore the influence of four structural parameters—number of blades (n), radius (R), aspect ratio (μ), and installation angle (β)—on the aerodynamic performance of vertical-axis wind turbines at a low cost, an orthogonal experimental design based on the Taguchi method and a modified additive model were employed. This approach determined the optimal design parameters for maximizing the wind turbine's power output and conducted CFD numerical validation studies. The results indicate that the combination of the Taguchi method and the modified additive model can accurately determine the optimal parameter combination and assess the extent of influence each factor has on aerodynamic performance. The analysis indicates that the wind turbine exhibits the strongest performance at n = 3, R = 2.5 m, μ = 8, β = -3°, and the weakest performance at n = 5, R = 1.0 m, μ = 5, β = 0°. The average power coefficient of the optimal configuration is 66.12% greater than that of the worst configuration. Furthermore, the magnitude of the influence of each factor on the efficiency of the vertical axis wind turbine is R > n > β > μ.

The multi-component Shan-Chen model in the lattice Boltzmann method is used to model the characteristic structures of the gas diffusion layer and the bipolar plate flow channel of the fuel cell, and the effects of different porosities, compression ratios, and the location of the waterlogged droplets on the transfer of the gas components in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) are investigated. The simulation results show that the small porosity will cause the blockage of gas, which affects the mass transfer efficiency, and the compression effect of the gas diffusion layer leads to the deformation of the structure and then causes the blockage of gas at the inlet of the flow channel; the compression leads to the narrowing of the gas channel, which promotes the oxygen to contact the catalytic layer in the lower part of the catalytic layer for the reaction, and the intensity of the reaction in the vicinity of the flow channel increases with the compression ratio; when the water droplets are located in the middle of the diffusion layer, they can direct part of the reacting gas to the catalytic layer, thus increasing the concentration of the reacting gas; while the droplets located at the bottom will cover the catalyst and thus hinder the catalytic reaction.

The intricacies and variability in the changing nature of wind conditions pose immense challenges in evaluating the quality of wind energy. A framework for assessing and scoring wind energy indicators was devised to tackle this issue, along with a comprehensive method for synthesizing an index that fully captures wind energy quality. Initially, scoring systems for four key indicators—turbulence intensity, wind shear, wind veer, and wind power density—were established. Subsequently, scores were assigned to each indicator using linear interpolation, resulting in a score matrix. Next, a harmonic mean synthesis method was utilized to compute the wind energy quality index. This method's calculations comprehensively reflect wind energy quality and mitigate constraints seen in current analyses. Finally, the wind energy quality index was cross-validated with the power generation performance index. The results show that for the same wind turbine, the Pearson correlation coefficient of the trend line of the wind energy quality index and the power generation performance index is 0.606. For different wind turbines, the results of the ranking of the average value of the wind energy quality index and the average value of the power generation performance index are consistent. In essence, the power generation performance index varies in accordance with changes in the wind energy quality index, highlighting the efficacy of this method in evaluating wind energy quality.

Biodiesel is a sustainable and environmentally friendly bio-liquid fuel, and finding an efficient method for lipase immobilization to produce biodiesel enzymatically is a priority. Metal-organic frameworks, known for their high porosity, adjustable pore size, ease of functionalization, and modification, are excellent porous carrier materials. In this study, the metal-organic framework ZIF-8 was used as a carrier to immobilize lipase from Aspergillus oryzae (AOL) via co-precipitation, resulting in the formation of AOL@ZIF-8 with a nanoflower structure. Biodiesel was synthesized using soybean oil as raw material with AOL@ZIF-8, free AOL enzyme, and commercial immobilized enzyme Novozym 435 as catalysts. The production process was optimized, and the catalytic effects were subsequently compared. Under optimal conditions, the yield of biodiesel catalyzed by AOL@ZIF-8 reached 94.08%. Its activity and reusability were significantly better than the free enzyme and comparable to the commercial immobilized enzyme Novozym 435.

"Safety and efficiency", as well as "clean and low-carbon" are the fundamental requirements and key targets in building a new-generation power system. The construction of new-generation power systems in fossil and renewable energy "double energy-deficient" mega cities faces greater challenges. It is crucial to accurately promote the construction of new-generation power systems by constructing an indicator system and quantitatively detecting the current situation, future trends, and shortcomings of power-side construction. By taking Guangzhou, a city with characteristics of severe energy deficiency and extremely heavy power load, as an example, this study has constructed a power-side indicator system for the new-generation power systems and set up six potential power supply scenarios, quantitatively analyzed the evolutionary trends of characteristics and explored the breakthrough points for building the new-generation power systems in energy deficient cities. The results indicate that the self-sufficiency rates of power supply capacity have been increasing annually. It can reach 80% under the A₅ scenario, and 68% under other scenarios by 2030. However, the self-sufficiency rates of power supply quantity decreased instead of increasing during the 15th Five-Year Plan period. In 2030, the A₅ scenario can reach a maximum of 50%, and the A₁ scenario can reach a minimum of only 36%, with a large gap in electricity, and the security risks of electricity supply are still elusive. The A₃ scenario has the cleanest and lowest carbon, the A₅ scenario is the safest, and the A₄ scenario can balance between security and low carbon at different stages. Therefore, the government can choose the most suitable development scenario according to its goals and focus. The characteristic of "low cleanliness" is the biggest shortcoming for Guangzhou, and Guangzhou cannot solve this problem by developing a high proportion of local renewable energy. Improving the renewable energy ratio of the purchased electricity is the optimal and only breakthrough. By 2030, when the proportions of renewable energy in the purchased electricity increase to about 35%, 40% and 45%, Guangzhou may realize the construction of the supply side of the new-generation power systems at slow speed, medium speed, and fast speed, respectively. This study can provide a preliminary research basis for building a new-generation power system index system and explore an optimal combination model for constructing the supply side of a new-generation power system for energy-deficient cities.

In view of the fact that the individual aromatization process of bio-based furan is usually accompanied by dehydrogenation reaction, and considering that the individual reduction of CO₂ to CO requires a lot of hydrogen, this paper proposes a new process for the targeted production of carbon-negative aromatics and syngas by catalytic pyrolysis of bio-based furan coupled with CO₂ reduction. Efficient aromatization of 2-methylfuran (2-MF) and activation of CO₂ were simultaneously achieved by constructing composite metal catalysts supported on molecular sieves. It is found that Mo-Ni supported on HZSM-5 can significantly improve the conversion of CO₂ and the selectivity of syngas in gas products, from -4.56% (CO₂ generation rate is higher than its conversion rate) and 46.78% to 24.68% and 72.28%, respectively, which is attributed to the introduction of more oxygen vacancies by the coordination structure of bimetals. Meanwhile, the catalyst can enhance its aromatization ability by introducing Lewis acid sites. The research findings provide theoretical guidance for developing new technology and catalyst design for biomass catalytic pyrolysis.

A nitrile-containing organodisiloxane compound 2-methyl-4-(1,1,3,3,3-pentamethyldisiloxane) butanenitrile (DSMCN) was designed and synthesized as an efficient electrolyte additive for improving the electrochemical performance of high energy density NCM811 batteries. The oxidation potential of the compound was tested using linear scanning voltammetry (LSV), and the electrochemical performances of NCM811 cells with DSMCN additive, including the cycling, rate and high-temperature performance were investigated and compared with those with the base electrolytes without DSMCN. The results demonstrated that the capacity retention of NCM811/Li half cells at room temperature was improved from 80.93% of the base electrolyte to 94.89% after 200 cycles at 1 C, while the capacity retention at a high temperature of 55 ℃ was increased from 59.52% to 88.09%. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests revealed that DSMCN participates in forming a more stable, uniform, and dense cathode electrolyte interphase layer on the NCM811 electrode surface, which leads to improved electrochemical kinetics, reduced interfacial impedance, and enhanced Li⁺ diffusion and charge transfer at the electrode/electrolyte interface under both normal and high-temperature conditions, thereby improving the electrochemical performance of NCM811 batteries.

Traditional solid oxide fuel cells are composed of cathode, anode, and electrolyte. Electrolytes are a crucial component and are the main channel of ion transport. The development of electrolytes with high ion conductivity guarantees efficient fuel cell performance. Electrolytes research focuses on three categories: oxygen ion conductor, proton conductor, and mixed ion conductor. This article briefly reviews recent research progress on these three kinds of electrolyte materials. The development prospects of electrolytes in the future are based on the current development trend of low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells.

In recent years, with the global climate change, promoting carbon neutrality has become a global consensus. Solid-state batteries have become the only way to develop batteries in the future due to their advantages such as high safety, high energy density, and wider operating temperature range. Electrolytes are the main part of the carbon footprint of batteries. In this paper, a total of 22 types of solid electrolytes, including inorganic, polymer, and composite electrolytes, were selected as the research objects. Their carbon, water, material, ecological, and health footprints were simulated and calculated, respectively. The results show that the footprint impact values of composite solid electrolytes, inorganic solid electrolytes, and polymer solid electrolytes generally follow the rule of decreasing in order. The composite solid electrolyte has the highest footprint impact value among all footprint categories, and electrolytes made from different inorganic compounds can impact the environment more.

Based on the computational fluid dynamics dense discrete phase model, a numerical simulation model for a new thermal energy storage gasification device was established. The pre-treatment settings were optimized based on the gasification characteristics of an updraft fixed bed, and the distribution of fluid velocity, pressure, temperature and species in the furnace under different excess air coefficients was studied. The distribution and evolution law of the mass fractions of each species in the furnace at different times and under different excess air coefficients were analyzed. Research has shown that the particle bed is the main factor affecting fluid velocity and pressure drop, and gas flow through the bed generates a pressure drop of 50-75 Pa. The temperature field in the furnace presents an obvious drying-pyrolysis-reduction oxidation zone, and the temperature curves under various working conditions almost overlap, with approximately four inflection points. In the low excess air coefficient range, the increase in gasification agent flow rate has little effect on the species of gases. The design of the gasification device is conducive to improving the mass fraction of H₂ and the ratio of CO/CO₂ in the gas, effectively enhancing the calorific value of the gas.

The biomass yield of microalgae culture directly determines its energy utilization efficiency. Traditional biomass measurement relies on offline manual detection and analysis, inevitably resulting in significant labor wastage and time costs. A detection method that combines image analysis with microalgae cultivation is introduced. Utilizing three deep convolutional neural network models—ResNet, MobileNet, and EfficientNet—the method enables the online identification of algae species and directly fits a nonlinear mapping between microalgae images and concentration to predict microalgal biomass accurately. The study demonstrates that the classification accuracy of these three models for three experimental algae species (Chlorella, Rhodophyta, and Spirulina) exceeds 99%. Rhodophyta, owing to its color characteristics, exhibits the best predictive performance. ResNet showed the optimal performance in predicting algal biomass, with the determination coefficients (R²) for the biomass of the three algae being 0.766 4, 0.962 8, and 0.921 5, respectively. This method essentially meets the monitoring requirements for algal biomass during microalgae cultivation and provides a highly promising technical solution for the industrial process monitoring of algae energy conversion.

Fly ash was utilized as a raw material to prepare fly ash-based HZSM-5 (FA-HZSM-5) catalysts by acid washing and alkali fusion pretreatment coupled with hydrothermal method. The catalysts were then applied to the catalytic pyrolysis of pine wood for the production of aromatics. The effects of pretreatment parameters such as hydrochloric acid concentrations and alkali/ash ratios on the physicochemical properties of FA-HZSM-5 were systematically investigated. Furthermore, the regulatory mechanisms of catalyst preparation conditions and pyrolysis process parameters on the selective preparation of aromatics were revealed. The results show that FA-HZSM-5 possessed a larger pore structure and mild acid strength than commercial HZSM-5. These characteristics were conducive to generating monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) while significantly reducing the yields of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). When the hydrochloric acid concentration was 10%, the alkali/ash ratio was 1.5, the pyrolysis temperature was 650 °C, and the catalyst/pine ratio was 20, the maximum aromatics yield reached 10.82%. Among these, the MAHs yield was 7.65%, and the PAHs yield was 3.17%, reduced by 26.11% compared to the yield from catalytic pyrolysis using commercial HZSM-5.

Nickel-rich ternary cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries have received extensive attention due to their advantages of low cost and high capacity. Limited by the high toxicity and low reserves of cobalt, cobalt-free nickel-rich cathode materials are becoming the future development trend of lithium-ion batteries. The traditional liquid phase method for the preparation of cobalt-free nickel-rich materials has problems such as cumbersome steps, time-consuming, and many by-products. Flame-assisted spray pyrolysis (FASP) method can synthesize cathode materials in one step, which has the advantages of simple equipment, short time and environmental friendliness. In this study, LiNi_0.8Mn_0.2O₂ (NM82) cobalt-free nickel-rich cathode material was prepared by the FASP method, and the effects of synthesis conditions on the structure, morphology and electrochemical properties of NM82 were investigated. The results show that FASP can synthesize NM82 cathode material in one step. Under the conditions of carrier gas flow rate of 1.5 L/min, lithium excess of 10 % and annealing temperature of 800 °C, NM82 has the lowest lithium-nickel mixing level and the highest discharge specific capacity, reaching 180.2 mA∙h/g at 0.1 C rate.

Ethanol reforming with CO₂ to produce syngas is one of the feasible strategies for greenhouse gas CO₂ emission reduction and sustainable utilization of carbon resources, which is favorable to achieving the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. In this work, the photothermal ethanol dry reforming reaction was studied in detail over supported Ni/TiO₂ catalyst. The physicochemical features of the catalyst were investigated by a serious of characterization techniques, including SEM, TEM, BET, XRD, UV-VIS DRS, H₂-TPR, and CO₂-TPD. The results indicated that the Ni/TiO₂ catalyst possessed sufficient oxygen vacancies and a narrow bandwidth, thereby expanding its photo response range. The photothermal synergistic effect could reduce the activation energy of the reaction, enhance the reaction rates, inhibit the generation of methane and acetone byproducts. The findings might guide the design of highly efficient photothermal heterogeneous catalysts and the value-added utilization of CO₂.

To address the issues of low efficiency and high power consumption of working fluid pumps used in small-scale organic Rankine cycle, the working fluid pump was replaced with a vapor-liquid injector as the pressurized equipment and a thermodynamic model of the vapor-liquid injector pressurized organic Rankine cycle (IORC) was established based on the one-dimensional model of the injector. Using 140 °C medium-low temperature heat source as the driving force and R245fa as the working fluid, the effects of three parameters, namely entrainment ratio of the injector, area ratio of the injector, and subcooling of the condenser outlet, on the performance of IORC were investigated, and the thermal performance of IORC was compared with that of basic organic Rankine cycle (BORC). The results showed that an optimal entrainment ratio and subcooling exist, which maximize the net power of IORC. The increase in entrainment ratio and area ratio will decrease the pressure lift of the injector, while the increase in subcooling will increase the pressure lift. The increase of these three parameters will lead to a decrease in the exergy efficiency of the injector and the heat exchanger economy. The heat exchanger economy of IORC is better than that of BORC, and when the working fluid pump efficiency is below 52%, IORC has more advantages in net power.

Phase change materials have attracted significant research attention in battery thermal management due to their effective temperature control properties attributed to their latent heat of phase change. This study focuses on a novel composite phase change material comprising paraffin, lauric acid, and expanded graphite. Experimental and simulated investigations were conducted to study its temperature rise characteristics at various environmental temperatures (20, 25, 30, 35 °C) and at different discharge rates (0.5 C and 1.0 C). The maximum error in the experimental simulations was controlled to be within 4.1 °C. A comparative analysis was conducted on the difference of 6 mm and 10 mm phase change material thickness to investigate their influence on phase change cooling. Under both phase change cooling configurations, the maximum battery temperatures recorded were 49.92 °C and 41.94 °C, respectively, reducing 20.28 °C and 28.26 °C, respectively. Significantly, the 10 mm phase change cooling system demonstrated the capacity to entirely absorb battery-generated heat under varying operational conditions, effectively diminishing battery temperature and ensuring uniform thermal distribution, thus achieving an enhanced temperature control effect.

Sewage sludge (SS) is an important organic solid waste from conventional municipal wastewater treatment and a potential feedstock for the preparation of bio-liquid fuels. Two-stage hydrothermal liquefaction (i.e., the combination of low-temperature and high-temperature stages) treatment can effectively reduce the nitrogen content in biocrude derived from nitrogen-rich biomass hydrothermal liquefaction, improving its fuel grade. Comparative experiments on two-stage hydrothermal liquefaction and direct hydrothermal liquefaction of SS were carried out to investigate the nitrogen content, component and elemental mass flow characteristics of biocrude under different conditions of temperature (300, 325, and 350 ℃), residence time (10, 30, and 50 min) and solid content rate (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). The results showed that under a temperature of 325 °C, a residence time of 10 min, and a solid content rate of 10%, the nitrogen content of the two-stage hydrothermal biocrude was significantly reduced (from 3.60% to 1.37%). Through comparative analysis, the nitrogen removal of biocrude from sewage sludge two-stage hydrothermal is mainly done by inhibiting the Maillard reactions.

The carbon dioxide sequestration method using gas hydrate is a promising new technology for clean and efficient carbon capture, utilization, and storage in industrial applications. To investigate the kinetic reaction process of carbon dioxide hydrate in porous media, three groups of carbon dioxide hydrate phase equilibrium experiments in the porous sand system were conducted to determine the inlet pressure conditions, and 16 groups of working conditions were also set up to carry out the kinetic experiments of carbon dioxide hydrate formation to analyze the effects of 20%-50% initial water saturation and 1-7 °C reaction temperature on the reaction process of hydrate in natural sands. The key factors influencing porous media systems' final gas consumption and gas consumption rate were analyzed. The results show that the final gas storage capacity of the porous media system depends on the initial water saturation and reaction temperature, and is approximately linear with the initial water saturation. The carbon dioxide hydrate generation reaction has a higher gas consumption rate in the initial stage of the carbon dioxide hydrate formation reaction in the natural sand system with high initial water saturation and low reaction temperature.

On-line monitoring of wear particles in lubricating oil can help to evaluate the operating status of wind turbine gearbox in time, which is of great significance for the early warning of potential faults. This paper established an online monitoring experimental system of lubricating oil wear particles based on digital holography. The lubricating oil containing different particle sizes and different concentrations of wear particles was measured, and the measurement results were compared with those of the laser particle size analyzer. The results show that in the particle size range of 20-350 μm, particle size distribution measured by the holographic method is consistent with those of the laser particle size analyzer, and the measurement error of the median diameter D_v50 is less than 6%. In addition, digital holography can not only accurately measure the size of wear particles but also obtain the morphology characteristics of particles synchronously, which can assist in the analysis of gearbox wear degree and wear part. In conclusion, digital holography is valuable for further research and on-line application in monitoring of lubricating oil wear particles.

Astaxanthin is an essential class of lutein carotenoids widely used in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals due to its exceptional antioxidant qualities and distinct molecular structure. Natural astaxanthin and synthetic astaxanthin are the two types of astaxanthin, where the antioxidant properties of natural astaxanthin are higher than those of synthetic astaxanthin, and there is an increasing consumer preference and demand for natural astaxanthin. Thus, extracting of natural astaxanthin from bioresources has great market value and application potential. Because of their high solubility, low volatility, recyclability, and structural designability, ionic liquids have achieved remarkable research results in natural astaxanthin extraction compared to organic solvents as extractants. This paper first introduces the structural cosmetics, applications, and sources of natural astaxanthin, then reviews the commonly used extraction methods of astaxanthin, and elaborates on the research advances of natural astaxanthin extraction by ionic liquid systems in recent years to provide a reference value for the in-depth research and development application of natural astaxanthin extraction.

In order to improve the radiation reflection efficiency and power generation performance of tower solar energy, it is necessary to optimize the layout of the heliostat field. Using the method of daily average optical efficiency, the average cosine efficiency, atmospheric attenuation efficiency, truncation efficiency, and maximum optical efficiency were calculated and analyzed, providing evaluation indicators for the subsequent arrangement and optimization of heliostat fields. Taking the Gemasolar tower power plant in Spain as an example, the optical efficiency and reliability of the arrangement method were verified to be high by using a dense campo arranged mirror field as the initial mirror field. Using Differential Evolution to optimize the mirror field, the annual average comprehensive efficiency of the mirror field increased from 56.99% to 59.03%, an increase of 3.58%, which proved the effectiveness of the method.

A novel silicon oxycarbonitride (SiOCN) anode material is synthesized through an aldimine condensation of 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) with glutaraldehyde (GA) and simultaneous hydrolysis of APTES, followed by subsequent thermal pyrolysis. A chemical prelithiation method using lithium-biphenyl (Li-BP) as the lithiation reagent and a 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) solution as the reducing solvent is designed to enhance the initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) for SiOCN anodes. The prelithiation extent can be easily controlled by tuning the reaction time. A solid electrolyte interface layer is formed during chemical prelithiation. After dipping in 1 mol/L lithium reagent for 30 s, prelithiated SiOCN/Li half-cell ICE can be increased from 73.6% to 90.4%. Compared with the original cell, the prelithiated SiOCN/Li half-cell exhibits equivalent cycling performance, delivering a stable specific capacity of 604 mA∙h/g after 195 cycles with a retention rate of 98.5% at 1 A/g current density. When matched with an NCM811 cathode, the full cell exhibits an improved ICE from 46.3% to 78.6%. The pre-lithium SiOCN anode shows a performance of high ICE, high capacity and long cycle stability, which promises great application in high-energy lithium batteries.